Religion is a complex subject, but it is important to understand that for two-thirds of the world’s population, it plays an important role in their lives. Yet, in many areas of life (psychology, public policy, education), the term “religion” is often used in a derogatory manner, and there are very few clear definitions of it. There are some scholars who want to define religion in a scientific way, arguing that it is a form of valuation that is both the most intense and comprehensive method of valuing that humans experience. This definition, if true, would allow us to make more sense of the phenomena that we call religion, as it distinguishes it from magic, art, and science.
Other scholars take a different approach, focusing on how religion affects the social structures and values of those who practice it. They argue that a definition must account for both metaphysics and axiology, or how beliefs about the universe are combined with prescriptions for conduct. This view has become more popular with the rise of the cognitive science of religion, and it is gaining ground in both anthropology and religious studies.
Still others attempt to clarify what religion is by looking at it from different angles: It is a way of living, not a way of thinking (Dean Willard Inge). It is the only real motive force for human beings in this heartless world (Emile Durkheim). It is the way we feel about God and his creation (Rainer Maria Rilke). It is an expression of our yearning for immortality and eternal bliss (Peter Berger).
Despite its contested nature, a general definition of religion can be made. It is a system of spiritual and supernatural components that impact people’s worldview, behavior, beliefs, morality, culture, and attitudes toward certain writings or persons. It also consists of myths, symbols, and rituals. It is also a belief in a transcendent being or group of beings that provides power for facing adversities and serving as a bulwark against undesirable reactions such as despair and hopelessness.
The concept of religion is so broad and so complex that it will always remain difficult to fully understand. The main signposts that can help guide us, however, are the following: 1. Religions have a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things. 2. They have a common set of aims or purposes. 3. Religions are based on the assumption that humans can control uncontrollable aspects of the natural environment by manipulating them with magic or by supplicating to them through religion. 4. They have a strong impact on the morality of their adherents, who are commanded to choose right over wrong and good over evil, just over unjust. 5. Religions are a source of strength for facing adversities and serving the needs of others. 6. They are a source of a moral code that binds people to each other and to society. 7. They are a source of hope for the future.